This unusual name identifies a specific bacteria that can cause infection of the stomach. This infection can contribute to the development of diseases, such as dyspepsia (heartburn, bloating and nausea), gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), and ulcers in the stomach and duodenum. It will be useful to know some things about the upper digestive tract to understand how and where Helicobacter pylori infection can occur.

When food is swallowed it passes through the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach) It then enters the larger upper part of the stomach. A strong acid that helps to break down the food is secreted in the stomach. The narrower, lower part of the stomach is called the antrum. The antrum contracts frequently and vigorously, grinding up the food and squirting it into the small intestine. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, just beyond the stomach. The stomach, including the antrum, is covered by a layer of mucous that protects it from the strong stomach acid.

It is known that alcohol, aspirin, and arthritis drugs such as ibuprofen, can disrupt the protective mucous layer. This allows the strong stomach acid to injure underlying stomach cells. In some people, corticosteroids, smoking, and stress appear to contribute in some way. Until the mid 1980s, it was felt that one or more of these factors working together led to the development of gastritis and ulcers. Since that time, evidence has been mounting that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has a major role in causing these diseases.

The Infection
H. pylori is a fragile bacteria that has found an ideal home in the protective mucous layer of the stomach. These bacteria have long threads protruding from them that attach to the underlying stomach cells. The mucous layer that protects the stomach cells from acid also protects H. pylori. These bacteria do not actually invade the stomach cells as certain other bacteria can. The infection, however, is very real and it does cause the body to react. Infection-fighting white blood cells move into the area, and the body develops H. pylori antibodies in the blood.

H. pylori infection probably occurs when an individual swallows the bacteria in food, fluid, or perhaps from contaminated utensils. The infection is likely one of the most common worldwide. The rate of infection increases with age, so it occurs more often in older people. It also occurs frequently in young people in the developing countries of the world, since the infection tends to be common where sanitation is poor or living quarters are cramped. In many cases it does not produce symptoms. In other words, the infection can occur without the person knowing it. The infection remains localized to the gastric area, and probably persists unless specific treatment is given.

How is H. pylori Infection Diagnosed?
There are currently four ways to diagnose H. pylori infection. During endoscopy (a visual exam of the stomach through a thin, lighted, flexible tube), the physician can remove small bits of tissue through the tube. The tissue is then tested for the bacteria. A breath test is also available. In this test a substance called urea is given by mouth. A strong enzyme in the bacteria breaks down the urea into carbon dioxide, which is then exhaled and can be measured.  There is a blood test that measures the protein antibodies against these bacteria that are present in the blood. The blood is generally not useful in detecting acute disease and mostly represents a past exposure to the bug.  This antibody can mean the infection is present, or that it was present in the past.  Finally, there is fecal antigen test that is very accurate and inexpensive.

Gastritis and Dyspepsia
The symptoms are discomfort, bloating, nausea and perhaps vomiting. The person may also have symptoms that suggest ulcers - burning or pain in the upper abdomen, usually occurring about an hour or so after meals or even during the night. The symptoms are often relieved temporarily by antacids, milk, or medications that reduce stomach acidity. Yet, the physician does not find an ulcer when the patient is tested by x-ray or endoscopy. When H. pylori is found in the stomach, it is tempting to believe that it is the cause of the symptoms, although this connection is not yet clear cut. The physician will usually prescribe antibiotic therapy to see if clearing the infection relieves symptoms.

Ulcers
Stomach Ulcers: With stomach ulcers, H. pylori infection is found in 60 to 80 percent of the cases. Again, it is still uncertain how the infection acts to cause the ulcer. It probably weakens the protective mucous layer of the stomach. This allows acid to seep in and injure the underlying stomach cells. However, there is still a great deal of research to be done to unravel this relationship.

Duodenal Ulcers: In times past, physicians were taught "no acid, no ulcer." The medical profession felt the single most important factor causing duodenal ulcers to form was strong stomach acid. Research has now shown that over 90% of all patients who develop duodenal ulcers have H. pylori infection in the stomach as well. Medical studies are under way to determine the relationship between the two and how an infection in the stomach can be related to a duodenal ulcer. Acid is still important; patients without acid in the stomach never get duodenal ulcers. However, physicians now accept the fact that the infection is directly related to the development of duodenal ulcers. It is now rather easy to clear duodenal ulcers with the strong acid-reducing medicines available. But, the ulcers will usually recur unless the H. pylori infection is also cleared from the stomach.

Stomach Cancer and Lymphoma
These two types of cancer are now known to be related to H. pylori bacteria. This does not mean that all people with H. pylori infection will develop cancer; in fact, very few do. However, it is likely that if the infection is present for a long time, perhaps from childhood, these cancers may then develop. This is another reason why it is important to treat H. pylori infection.

When is Treatment Necessary?
Since the infection is so common, it is sometimes recommended that no treatment be given when there are no symptoms. However, these recommendations may change as more research develops. Increasingly, physicians are treating the acute ulcer with acid-reducing medicines and treating the infection with antibiotics. Interestingly, one of these antibiotics is a bismuth compound that is available over-the-counter as Pepto-Bismol. It is also available as a generic drug called bismuth subsalicylate. The bismuth part of the medicine actually kills the bacteria. However, do not go to the drugstore and purchase a bottle of Pepto-Bismol, expecting this alone to cure the infection. H. pylori is buried deep in the stomach mucous, so it is difficult to get rid of this infection. Several antibiotic drugs are always used together to prevent the bacteria from developing resistance to any one of them. Current medical studies are being done to develop earlier treatment programs for this difficult infection.

Summary...
H. pylori is a very common infection of the stomach. It may be the most common infection in the world. It is now clear that the infection is directly related to the development of stomach and duodenal ulcers, and it is likely that it may be related to cancers involving the stomach. There are several diagnostic tests available, and effective treatment can prevent the recurrence of ulcers and, perhaps, the development of cancer.

Additional Resource Material

Everyone occasionally has heartburn. This occurs when stomach acid flows backward into the esophagus, the food pipe that carries food to the stomach. People usually experience heartburn after meals as a burning sensation or pain behind the breast bone. Often, regurgitation of food and bitter-tasting stomach acid accompanies heartburn. Antacids or milk temporarily relieves heartburn for most people.

Why Does Heartburn Occur?
To understand heartburn, let us look at the body's anatomy. The esophagus carries food and liquid to the stomach. A sphincter, or muscular valve, is located at the end of the esophagus at the border between the esophagus and stomach. Known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) this muscle contracts much the same as the anus does. The sphincter should maintain a certain pressure to keep the end of the esophagus closed so that stomach juices are not admitted. The LES muscle should only open when food is passed into the stomach.

However, the LES muscle does not always work perfectly. It is felt that the problem is with inappropriate, transient relaxations of this sphincter valve that result in reflux. Sphincter function can be easily overcome by a number of factors, the most common being eating a large meal. Along with swallowed air, a large meal causes an upward pressure in the stomach to rise, thereby overpowering the LES muscle. Other factors that reduce the LES pressure and allow reflux are:

• Nicotine (cigarettes)
• Fried or fatty foods
• Chocolate
• Coffee
• Citrus fruits and juices
• Peppermint
• Pregnancy
• Lying flat
• Hiatus hernia
• Certain prescription medications

Swallowing difficulty, medically termed dysphagia, can arise for a variety of reasons.  Firstly, reflux alone can disturb the muscular contraction or motility of the esophagus and interfere with the passage of liquids and solids.  Often, when reflux is controlled, these symptoms will disappear.

The inflammatory response of the esophagus from chronic reflux can lead to the formation of a ring of scar tissue at the end of the esophagus where it meets the stomach, an area know as the gastroesophageal junction (the location of the LES), that can lead to a mechanical obstruction causing difficultywith swallowing solids.  This entity is known as an esophageal ring or a Schatzki Ring.  In some cases the ring needs to be disrupted in order to resolve the blockage.

Of course with chronic reflux comes the risk of esophageal cancer and although the risk is low, it is very real.  Such tumors can cause significant blockage and bleeding.  The cancers are diagnosed most often by way of video upper endoscopy.  A person presenting with new-onset swallowing trouble, a history of reflux, bleeding, and weight loss should seek a medical evaluation immediately.

There are a variety of primary esophageal motility disorders that cause swallowing trouble.  Achalasia is a disorder that can be quite insidious and involves that loss of motility in the body of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)fails to relax.  The physical presentation can look like reflux because the patient does not clear contents of the esophagus and those materials can backwash into the upper esophagus and mimic GERD. The diagnosis of Achalasia is made by way of esophageal manometry whereby the wave forms  of the esophagus are measured to make the diagnosis.  Achalasia can be treated surgically (laparoscopically) or by balloon dilation of the lower sphincter.

There are other esophageal motility disorders that can be described by esophageal manometry and they include diffuse esophageal spasm that is often associated wit noncardiac chest pain, the Nutcracker esophagus, and Ineffective Esophageal Motility.  Esophageal motility studies ( manometry) will require the passage of a small caliber tube into the esophagus through a nasal passage.  The test takes about 20-30 minutes to complete and is well-tolerated.  It is performed as an out-patient.